What is CSS?
1. CSS
stands for Cascading Style Sheets and is a simple styling language which allows
attaching style to HTML elements. Every element type as well as every
occurrence of a specific element within that type can be declared an unique
style, e.g. margins, positioning, color or size.
2. CSS is a web standard that describes style for XML/HTML documents.
3. CSS is a language that adds style (colors, images, borders, margins…) to
your site. It’s really that simple. CSS is not used to put any content on your
site, it’s just there to take the content you have and make it pretty. First
thing you do is link a CSS-file to your HTML document. Do this by adding this
line:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"
type="text/css">
The line should be placed in between your <head> and </head> tags.
If you have several pages you could add the exact same line to all of them and
they will all use the same stylesheet, but more about that later. Let’s look
inside the file “style.css” we just linked to.
h1 {
font-size: 40px;
height: 200px;
}
.warning {
color: Red;
font-weight: bold;
}
#footer {
background-color: Gray;
}
4. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a simple mechanism for adding style (e.g.
fonts, colors, spacing) to Web documents. This is also where information meets
the artistic abilities of a web-designer. CSS helps you spice up your web-page
and make it look neat in wide variety of aspects.
What are Cascading
Style Sheets?
A Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) is a list of statements (also known as rules)
that can assign various rendering properties to HTML elements. Style rules can
be specified for a single element occurrence, multiple elements, an entire
document, or even multiple documents at once. It is possible to specify many
different rules for an element in different locations using different methods.
All these rules are collected and merged (known as a "cascading" of
styles) when the document is rendered to form a single style rule for each
element.
How do I center
block-elements with CSS1?
There are two ways of centering block level elements:
1. By setting the properties margin-left and margin-right to auto and width to
some explicit value:
BODY {width: 30em; background: cyan;}
P {width: 22em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto}
In this case, the left and right margins will each be four ems wide, since they
equally split up the eight ems left over from (30em - 22em). Note that it was
not necessary to set an explicit width for the BODY element; it was done here
to keep the math clean.
Another example:
TABLE {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 400px;}
In most legacy browsers, a table's width is by default determined by its
content. In CSS-conformant browsers, the complete width of any element
(including tables) defaults to the full width of its parent element's content
area. As browser become more conformant, authors will need to be aware of the
potential impact on their designs.
If background and
color should always be set together, why do they exist as separate properties?
There are several reasons for this. First, style sheets become more legible --
both for humans and machines. The background property is already the most
complex property in CSS1 and combining it with color would make it even more
complex. Second, color inherits, but background doesn't and this would be a
source of confusion.
What is class?
Class is a group of 1) instances of the same element to which an unique style
can be attached or 2) instances of different elements to which the same style
can be attached.
1) The rule P {color: red} will display red text in all paragraphs. By
classifying the selector P different style can be attached to each class
allowing the display of some paragraphs in one style and some other paragraphs
in another style.
2) A class can also be specified without associating a specific element to it
and then attached to any element which is to be styled in accordance with it's
declaration. All elements to which a specific class is attached will have the
same style.
To classify an element add a period to the selector followed by an unique name.
The name can contain characters a-z, A-Z, digits 0-9, period, hyphen, escaped
characters, Unicode characters 161-255, as well as any Unicode character as a
numeric code, however, they cannot start with a dash or a digit. (Note: in HTML
the value of the CLASS attribute can contain more characters). (Note: text
between /* and */ are my comments).
CSS
P.name1 {color: red} /* one class of P selector */
P.name2 {color: blue} /* another class of P selector */
.name3 {color: green} /* can be attached to any element */
HTML
<P class=name1>This paragraph will be red</P>
<P class=name2>This paragraph will be blue</P>
<P class=name3>This paragraph will be green</P>
<LI class=name3>This list item will be green</LI>
It is a good practice to name classes according to their function than their
appearance; e.g. P.fotnote and not P.green. In CSS1 only one class can be
attached to a selector. CSS2 allows attaching more classes, e.g.:
P.name1.name2.name3 {declaration} <P class="name1 name2
name2">This paragraph has three classes attached</P>
What is grouping ?
Grouping is gathering (1) into a comma separated list two or more selectors
that share the same style or (2) into a semicolon separated list two or more
declarations that are attached to the same selector (2).
1. The selectors LI, P with class name .first and class .footnote share the
same style, e.g.:
LI {font-style: italic}
P.first {font-style: italic}
.footnote {font-style: italic}
To reduce the size of style sheets and also save some typing time they can all
be grouped in one list.
LI, P.first, .footnote {font-style: italic}
2. The declarations {font-style: italic} and {color: red} can be attached to
one selector, e.g.:
H2 {font-style: italic}
H2 {color: red}
and can also be grouped into one list:
H2 {font-style: italic; color: red}
What is external Style
Sheet? How to link?
External Style Sheet is a template/document/file containing style information
which can be linked with any number of HTML documents. This is a very
convenient way of formatting the entire site as well as restyling it by editing
just one file. The file is linked with HTML documents via the LINK element
inside the HEAD element. Files containing style information must have extension
.css, e.g. style.css. <HEAD> <LINK REL=STYLESHEET
HREF="style.css" TYPE="text/css"> </HEAD>
Is CSS case sensitive?
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is not case sensitive. However, font families,
URLs to images, and other direct references with the style sheet may be.
The trick is that if you write a document using an XML declaration and an XHTML
doctype, then the CSS class names will be case sensitive for some browsers.
It is a good idea to avoid naming classes where the only difference is the
case, for example:
div.myclass { ...}
div.myClass { ... }
If the DOCTYPE or XML declaration is ever removed from your pages, even by
mistake, the last instance of the style will be used, regardless of case.
Three selectors: h1,
.warning and #footer, what they do ?
An element
points at a HTML-tag somewhere on your page. In the example above we want to
style the <h1>-tag. Note that using an element like that affects all tags
with that name, so using p { margin-left: 100px; } gives all <p>-tags a
left-margin.
Using a class is just as simple. When writing .your_class you style all tags
with a class with the name “your_class”. In the example above we have .warning
which will style e.g. <div class="warning"> and <em
class="warning">, that is, any element with the class warning.
Classes are used when you want to style just a few of your tags in a way,
perhaps you want some of your links red? Add a class to all those links.
You need one more building block: the id. This time you style an element with
the attribute “id” set to the id you have chosen. Ids work exactly like classes
except for one thing; you can only have one id with a certain name in each of
your HTML documents. In the example above we style <div
id="footer">. If you look at the example it does make sense: a HTML
document may contain several warnings but only one footer. Ids should be used
when you want to style just one specific tag.
Using those three building blocks will take you far but when you get to more
advanced layouts you might want to combine the building blocks into more
advanced selectors. Just to give you two examples of what you can do:
em.warning to style only those <em>-tags with the class .warning set. You
can also use #footer a to style only the links that are nested inside the tag
with id “footer.
Each of the selectors has a set of declarations tied to them. Each declaration
has a property, describing what we want to change and a value, what we should
change it to. An example: a { color: Blue; font-size: 3em; }. You have the
selector a there, so all links in your document will be styled. We have two
declarations: color: Blue and font-size: 3em;. Lastly each declaration consists
of two parts: the property color and the value Blue.
there is a LOT of things you can style and play with. Additionally (close to)
all tags are equal in CSS, so you can set e.g. borders and colors of any
element just like you could with a table if you used only HTML.
What are Style Sheets?
Style Sheets are templates, very similar to templates in desktop publishing
applications, containing a collection of rules declared to various selectors
(elements).
What is CSS rule
'ruleset'?
There are two types of CSS rules: ruleset and at-rule. Ruleset identifies
selector or selectors and declares style which is to be attached to that
selector or selectors. For example P {text-indent: 10pt} is a CSS rule. CSS
rulesets consist of two parts: selector, e.g. P and declaration, e.g.
{text-indent: 10pt}.
P {text-indent: 10pt} - CSS rule (ruleset)
{text-indent: 10pt} - CSS declaration
text-indent - CSS property
10pt - CSS value
'Fixed' Background?
There is the possibility to use the HTML tag bgproperties="fixed",
but that is IE proprietary, and dependent upon the 'background' attribute
(deprecated in HTML4).
With CSS, you can declare the background like:
BODY {
font-family : "Trebuchet MS", Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
background-image: url(images/yourimage.gif);
background-repeat: no-repeat; /*no-tiling background*/
background-position: center;
background-attachment: fixed;
background-color: #hexcolor;
color : #hexcolor;
margin: 10px;
}
that shows a background-image in the center of the <BODY> element,
non-scrolling and non-repeating - in IE or NN6. NN 4.xx gets the
non-repeat-part right, but stuffs the picture in the upper left corner and scrolls
...
What is embedded style?
How to link?
Embedded style is the style attached to one specific document. The style
information is specified as a content of the STYLE element inside the HEAD
element and will apply to the entire document.
<HEAD>
<STYLE TYPE="text/css">
<!--
P {text-indent: 10pt}
-->
</STYLE>
</HEAD>
Note: The styling rules are written as a HTML comment, that is, between <!--
and --> to hide the content in browsers without CSS support which would
otherwise be displayed.
What is ID selector?
ID selector is an individually identified (named) selector to which a specific
style is declared. Using the ID attribute the declared style can then be
associated with one and only one HTML element per document as to differentiate
it from all other elements. ID selectors are created by a character # followed
by the selector's name. The name can contain characters a-z, A-Z, digits 0-9,
period, hyphen, escaped characters, Unicode characters 161-255, as well as any
Unicode character as a numeric code, however, they cannot start with a dash or
a digit.
#abc123 {color: red; background: black}
<P ID=abc123>This and only this element can be identified as abc123
</P>
What is contextual
selector?
Contextual selector is a selector that addresses specific occurrence of an
element. It is a string of individual selectors separated by white space, a
search pattern, where only the last element in the pattern is addressed
providing it matches the specified context.
TD P CODE {color: red}
The element CODE will be displayed in red but only if it occurs in the context
of the element P which must occur in the context of the element TD.
TD P CODE, H1 EM {color: red}
The element CODE will be displayed in red as described above AND the element EM
will also be red but only if it occurs in the context of H1
P .footnote {color: red}
Any element with CLASS footnote will be red but only if it occurs in the
context of P
P .footnote [lang]{color: red}
Any element with attribute LANG will be red but only if it is classed as
"footnote" and occurs in the context of P
How do I have a
background image that isn't tiled?
Specify the background-repeat property as no-repeat. You can also use the
background property as a shortcut for specifying multiple background-*
properties at once. Here's an example:
BODY {background: #FFF url(watermark.jpg) no-repeat;}
What does \ABCD (and
\ABCDE) mean?
CSS allows Unicode characters to be entered by number. For example, if a CLASS
value in some Russian document contains Cyrillic letters EL PE (Unicode numbers
041B and 041F) and you want to write a style rule for that class, you can put
that letter into the style sheet by writing:
.\041B\041F {font-style: italic;}
This works on all keyboards, so you don't need a Cyrillic keyboard to write
CLASS names in Russian or another language that uses that script.
The digits and letters after the backslash (\) are a hexadecimal number.
Hexadecimal numbers are made from ordinary digits and the letters A to F (or a
to f). Unicode numbers consist of four such digits.
If the number starts with a 0, you may omit it. The above could also be written
as:
.\41B\41F {font-style: italic;}
But be careful if the next letter after the three digits is also a digit or a
letter a to f! This is OK: .\41B-\41F, since the dash (-) cannot be mistaken
for a hexadecimal digit, but .\41B9\41F is only two letters, not three.
Four digits is the maximum, however, so if you write:
.\041B9\041F {font-style: italic;}
Why do style sheets
exist?
SGML (of
which HTML is a derivative) was meant to be a device-independent method for
conveying a document's structural and semantic content (its meaning.) It was
never meant to convey physical formatting information. HTML has crossed this
line and now contains many elements and attributes which specify visual style
and formatting information. One of the main reasons for style sheets is to stop
the creation of new HTML physical formatting constructs and once again separate
style information from document content.
What are the
advantages/disadvantages of the various style methods?
External Style Sheets
Advantages
* Can control styles for multiple documents at once
* Classes can be created for use on multiple HTML element types in many
documents
* Selector and grouping methods can be used to apply styles under complex
contexts
Disadvantages
* An extra download is required to import style information for each document
* The rendering of the document may be delayed until the external style sheet
is loaded
* Becomes slightly unwieldy for small quantities of style definitions
Embedded Style Sheets
Advantages
* Classes can be created for use on multiple tag types in the document
* Selector and grouping methods can be used to apply styles under complex
contexts
* No additional downloads necessary to receive style information
Disadvantages
* This method can not control styles for multiple documents at once
Inline Styles
Advantages
* Useful for small quantities of style definitions
* Can override other style specification methods at the local level so only
exceptions need to be listed in conjunction with other style methods
Disadvantages
* Does not distance style information from content (a main goal of SGML/HTML)
* Can not control styles for multiple documents at once
* Author can not create or control classes of elements to control multiple
element types within the document
* Selector grouping methods can not be used to create complex element
addressing scenarios
What is inline style?
How to link?
Inline style is the style attached to one specific element. The style is
specified directly in the start tag as a value of the STYLE attribute and will
apply exclusively to this specific element occurrence.
<P STYLE="text-indent: 10pt">Indented paragraph</P>
What is imported Style
Sheet? How to link?
Imported
Style Sheet is a sheet that can be imported to (combined with) another sheet.
This allows creating one main sheet containing declarations that apply to the
whole site and partial sheets containing declarations that apply to specific elements
(or documents) that may require additional styling. By importing partial sheets
to the main sheet a number of sources can be combined into one.
To import a style sheet or style sheets include the @import notation or
notations in the STYLE element. The @import notations must come before any
other declaration. If more than one sheet is imported they will cascade in
order they are imported - the last imported sheet will override the next last;
the next last will override the second last, and so on. If the imported style
is in conflict with the rules declared in the main sheet then it will be
overridden.
<LINK REL=STYLESHEET HREF="main.css" TYPE="text/css">
<STYLE TYPE="text=css">
<!--
@import url(http://www.and.so.on.partial1.css);
@import url(http://www.and.so.on.partial2.css);
.... other statements
-->
</STYLE>
What is a Style Sheet?
Style sheets are the way that standards-compliant Web designers define the
layout, look-and-feel, and design of their pages. They are called Cascading
Style Sheets or CSS. With style sheets, a designer can define many aspects of a
Web page:
* fonts
* colors
* layout
* positioning
* imagery
* accessibility
Style sheets give you a lot of power to define how your pages will look. And
another great thing about them is that style sheets make it really easy to
update your pages when you want to make a new design. Simply load in a new
style sheet onto your pages and you're done.
What is alternate
Style Sheet? How to link?
Alternate Style Sheet is a sheet defining an alternate style to be used in
place of style(s) declared as persistent and/or preferred .
Persistent style is a default style that applies when style sheets are enabled
but can disabled in favor of an alternate style, e.g.:
<LINK REL=Stylesheet HREF="style.css" TYPE="text/css">
Preferred style is a default style that applies automatically and is declared
by setting the TITLE attribute to the LINK element. There can only be one
preferred style, e.g.:
<LINK REL=Stylesheet HREF="style2.css" TYPE="text/css"
TITLE="appropriate style description">
Alternate style gives an user the choice of selecting an alternative style - a
very convenient way of specifying a media dependent style. Note: Each group of
alternate styles must have unique TITLE, e.g.:
<LINK REL="Alternate Stylesheet" HREF="style3.css"
TYPE="text/css" TITLE="appropriate style description"
MEDIA=screen>
<LINK REL="Alternate Stylesheet" HREF="style4.css"
TYPE="text/css" TITLE="appropriate style description"
MEDIA=print>
Alternate stylesheet are not yet supported.
How can you set a
minimum width for IE?
To set a minimum width, the CSS property is 'min-width'. This can be very
useful and works well in good browsers. IE doesn't understand 'min-width'.
However, it has a proprietary property called 'expression' which allows us to
feed it javascript via a stylesheet. Below is how to set a (780px) minimum
width for IE...
<!--[if gte IE 5]> <style type="text/css">
body {
width:expression(documentElement.clientWidth < 780 ?
(documentElement.clientWidth == 0 ? (body.clientWidth < 780 ?
"780px" : "auto") : "780px") : "auto"
);
}
</style>
<![endif]-->
As the property is non-standard, it won't validate with the W3C validator, so
if we put it in the head like this (above) - in an IE conditional comment - the
validator will ignore it and the page will get a clean bill of health.
Which browsers support
CSS?
It depends on your definition of "support." If you are interested in
those browsers which makes some attempt at supporting CSS, no matter how
partial or bug-ridden, then the list is:
* Internet Explorer 3.0 and above
* Navigator 4.0 and above
* Opera 3.6 and above
* Konqueror
* Arena
* Emacs-w3
* Amaya
* Lexicon
* XPublish by Media Design in·Progress
If instead you're interested in those browsers which are known to do a credible
job of bug-free and mostly completel support for CSS1, then the list narrows
somewhat dramatically:
* Internet Explorer 5.0 for Macintosh and above
* Internet Exporer 5.5 for Windows and above
* Netscape Navigator 6.0 and above
* Opera 4.0 and above
While none of these browser can be claimed to have a perfect implementation of
CSS1, they are all quite good and can be relied upon to operate in a consistent
fashion for most of CSS1.
How do I place text
over an image?
To place
text or image over an image you use the position property. The below exemple is
supported by IE 4.0. All you have to do is adapt the units to your need.
<div style="position: relative; width: 200px; height: 100px">
<div style="position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 200px">
<image>
</div>
<div style="position: absolute; top: 20%; left: 20%; width:
200px">
Text that nicely wraps
</div>
</div>
what CSS is, why not
start coding?
CSS is sort of like scripting language made for the web. In contrary with HTML,
DHTML, JavaScript, VBScript and many others. CSS is strictly for formatting
your web-page and now many new browser support it. (NOTE: Older browser do not
support CSS, so please check your browser version and make sure whether it
supports it or not. You may have to update your current Browser.)
The way the code goes into your Web-page is through a variety of ways. The way
CSS works is that is the code is set between the<head></head> tags.
You can put the CSS code after </title> which is what most people do.
Now, here are the following ways of making your webpage with CSS enabled
features:
1.) Writing your CSS code within your HTML source code. This is how it would
look like:
<html><head><title>My First CSS!</title>
<!-- Now begin the CSS coding! -->
<STYLE TYPE = "text/css">
<!--
body {
background-color: #eeeee;
}
p {
text-align: left;
color: black;
font: Verdana;
font-size: 80%;
}
a {
text-decoration: none;
color: black;
font-weight: bold;
}
a:hover {
text-decoration: underline;
color: red;
font-weight: bold;
}
-->
</STYLE>
<!-- End CSS code -->
</head><body></body></html>
2.) Linking to your CSS file. This tells the webpage to find the .css file and
use it as the CSS code. Here is the code that would allow you to do:
<html><head><title>CSS</title>
<link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet"
type="text/css" />
</head><body /></html>
As you can see from the code above, the <link> tag is pretty helpful.
What it does is that it links to the style.css file which has all the css code.
Just like embedding an image throught he <img> tag.
Now to explain a bit from the first example. CSS code isn't very hard to
understand.Take for example the body { ..} part. What it does is that it
formats how the <body> tag in HTML would work. That is a very simple way
of formatting the body tag with the CSS. To help you understand better, here is
a simple syntax for CSS:
selector { property1: value1; property2: value2;}
The "selector" sort of relates to the html tags used for outputting
etc...
We all know that <a> is a tag used for links. You will see in the example
about a:hover and a itself. <br>What a does it just sets the
characteristics of the format. You can set how you want a link to appear using
the font size, weight etc..
Then comes the "a:hover". What does is also pretty self explanatory.
It acts on when a person moves the mouse cursor over the links.
ADVANCED CSS FEATURES:
CSS can be
even used to change the appearance of the scroll bar at your right side.
Unfortunately, that only works with IE. You have to be using IE in order for this
to work. Here is how to change some appearances of your scroll bar:
The CSS statements for doing this are:
1) scrollbar-3dlight-color
2)scrollbar-arrow-color
3) scrollbar-base-color
4) scrollbar-dark shadow-color
5) scrollbar-face-color
6) scrollbar-highlight-color
7) scrollbar-shadow-color
8) scrollbar-track-color
<style type="text/css">
<!--
BODY {
scrollbar-arrow-color: green;
scrollbar-face-color: #FFFFFF;
scrollbar-track-color: rgb(12,35,244);
}
// -->
</style>
How to customize your textboxes.
Here is the code on how to do it:
<style type="text/css">
<!--
BODY {
scrollbar-arrow-color: green;
scrollbar-face-color: #FFFFFF;
scrollbar-track-color: rgb(12,35,244);
}
TEXTAREA {
scrollbar-arrow-color: green;
scrollbar-face-color: #FFFFFF;
scrollbar-track-color: rgb(12,35,244);
}
// -->
</style>
That above code, has some similarities. The textbox area is treated with the
same function statements as for the scrollbar. The scrollbar statements goes in
the BODY selector.
Why does my content
shift to the left on some pages (in FF)?
That'll be the pages with more content? The ones that have a vertical
scrollbar? If you look in IE there's probably a white space on the right where
there would be a scrollbar if there were enough content to require one. In Firefox,
the scrollbar appears when it's needed and the viewport becomes about 20px
smaller, so the content seems to shift to the left when you move from a page
with little content to one with lots of content. It's not a bug or something
that needs to be fixed, but it does confuse and irritate some developers.
If, for some reason, you'd like Firefox to always have scrollbars - whether
they're needed or not - you can do this :
CSS html {
height:100.1%;
}
How do I combine
multiple sheets into one?
To combine multiple/partial
style sheets into one set the TITLE attribute taking one and the same value to
the LINK element. The combined style will apply as a preferred style, e.g.:
<LINK REL=Stylesheet HREF="default.css"
TITLE="combined">
<LINK REL=Stylesheet HREF="fonts.css"
TITLE="combined">
<LINK REL=Stylesheet HREF="tables.css"
TITLE="combined">
What is attribute
selector?
Attribute selector is a selector defined by 1) the attribute set to element(s),
2) the attribute and value(s), 3) the attribute and value parts:
1a) A[title] {text-decoration: underline}
All A elements containing the TITLE attribute will be underlined
1b) A[class=name] {text-decoration: underline}
The A elements classed as 'name' will be underlined
2) A[title="attribute element"] {text-decoration: underline}
The A elements containing the TITLE attribute with a value that is an exact
match of the specified value, which in this example is 'attribute element',
will be underlined
3) A[title~="attribute"] {text-decoration: underline}
The A elements containing the TITLE attribute with a value containing the
specified word, which in this example is 'attribute', will be underlined
What is parent-child
selector?
Parent-child selector is a selector representing the direct descendent of a
parent element. Parent-child selectors are created by listing two or more tilde
(~) separated selectors.
BODY ~ P {background: red; color: white}
The P element will be declared the specified style only if it directly descends
from the BODY element:
<BODY> <P>Red and white paragraph </P> </BODY>
BODY ~ P ~ EM {background: red; color: white}
The EM element will be declared the specified style only if it directly
descends from the P element which in its turn directly descends from the BODY
element:
< <P> <EM>Red and white EM </EM> </P> </BODY>
How can I specify
background images?
With CSS, you can suggest a background image (and a background color, for those
not using your image) with the background property. Here is an example:
body {
background: white url(example.gif) ;
color: black ;
}
If you specify a background image, you should also specify text, link, and
background colors since the reader's default colors may not provide adequate
contrast against your background image. The background color may be used by
those not using your background image. Authors should not rely on the specified
background image since browsers allow their users to disable image loading or
to override document-specified backgrounds.
How do I have a fixed
(non-scrolling) background image?
With CSS, you can use the background-attachment property. The background
attachment can be included in the shorthand background property, as in this
example:
body {
background: white url(example.gif) fixed ;
color: black ;
}
Note that this CSS is supported by Internet Explorer, Mozilla, Firefox Opera,
Safari, and other browsers. In contrast, Microsoft's proprietary BGPROPERTIES
attribute is supported only by Internet Explorer.
What are inline,
block, parent, children, replaced and floating elements?
Inline
elements which do not have line breaks. Can occur in block elements or other
inline elements, cannot contain block elements.
Inline elements in HTML 3.2; EM, STRONG, DFN, CODE, SAMP, KBD, VAR, CITE, TT,
I, B, U, STRIKE, BIG, SMALL, SUB, SUP, A, IMG, APPLET, FONT, BASEFONT, BR,
SCRIPT, MAP, INPUT, SELECT, TEXTAREA.
Inline elements in HTML 4.0; EM, STRONG, DFN, CODE, SAMP, KBD, VAR, CITE, ABBR,
ACRONYM, TT, I, B, BIG, SMALL, SUB, SUP, A, IMG, OBJECT, BR, SCRIPT, MAP, Q,
SPAN, BDO, INPUT, SELECT, TEXTAREA, LABEL, BUTTON, (INS, DEL).
Inline elements in HTML 4.0 Transitional; EM, STRONG, DFN, CODE, SAMP, KBD,
VAR, CITE, ABBR, ACRONYM, TT, I, B, U, S, STRIKE, BIG, SMALL, SUB, SUP, A, IMG,
APPLET, OBJECT, FONT, BASEFONT, BR, SCRIPT, MAP, Q, SPAN, BDO, IFRAME, INPUT,
SELECT, TEXTAREA, LABEL, BUTTON, (INS, DEL).
Block
elements which do have line breaks. May occur in other block elements, cannot
occur in inline elements, may contain both block and inline elements.
Block elements in HTML 3.2; H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, ADDRESS, P, DL, DT, DD, UL,
OL, DIR, MENU, LI, DIV, CENTER, BLOCKQUOTE, PRE, HR, ISINDEX, TABLE, FORM.
Block elements in HTML 4.0; P, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, UL, OL, PRE, DL, DIV,
NOSCRIPT, BLOCKQUOTE, FORM, HR, TABLE, FIELDSET, ADDRESS, (INS, DEL).
Block elements in HTML 4.0 Transitional; P, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, UL, OL,
DIR, MENU, PRE, DL, DIV, CENTER, NOSCRIPT, NOFRAMES, BLOCKQUOTE, FORM, ISINDEX,
HR, TABLE, FIELDSET, ADDRESS, (INS, DEL).
Parents and children
elements which either contain (parents) or are in the content of (children)
other elements, e.g.
<P>text<STRONG>text</STRONG>text</P>. P is a parent of
STRONG. STRONG is a child of P. If not specified otherwise, children will
inherit parent's properties.
Replaced
elements which content is replaced. For example content of the IMG element is
replaced with an image, content of the INPUT element is replace with a field.
Floating
elements which follow the flow of a parent - inline elements.
Which set of
definitions, HTML attributes or CSS properties, take precedence?
CSS properties take precedence over HTML attributes. If both are specified,
HTML attributes will be displayed in browsers without CSS support but won't
have any effect in browsers with CSS support.
How do I eliminate the
blue border around linked images?
in your CSS, you can specify the border property for linked images:
a img { border: none ; }
However, note that removing the border that indicates an image is a link makes
it harder for users to distinguish quickly and easily which images on a web
page are clickable.
Why call the subtended
angle a "pixel", instead of something else (e.g.
"subangle")?
In most
cases, a CSS pixel will be equal to a device pixel. But, as you point out, the
definition of a CSS pixel will sometimes be different. For example, on a laser
printer, one CSS pixel can be equal to 3x3 device pixels to avoid printing
illegibly small text and images. I don't recall anyone ever proposing another
name for it. Subangle? Personally, I think most people would prefer the pragmatic
"px" to the non-intuitive "sa".
Why was the decision
made to make padding apply outside of the width of a 'box', rather than inside,
which would seem to make more sense?
It makes sense in some situations, but not in others. For example, when a child
element is set to width: 100%, I don't think it should cover the padding of its
parent. The box-sizing property in CSS3 addresses this issue. Ideally, the
issue should have been addressed earlier, though.
How to use CSS to separate
content and design ?
The idea here is that all sites contain two major parts, the content: all your
articles, text and photos and the design: rounded corners, colors and effects.
Usually those two are made in different parts of a webpage’s lifetime. The
design is determined at the beginning and then you start filling it with
content and keep the design fixed.
In CSS you just add the nifty <link>-tag I’ve told you about to the head
of your HTML document and you have created a link to your design. In the HTML
document you put content only, and that link of yours makes sure it looks
right. You can also use the exact same link on many of your pages, giving them
all of them the same design. You want to add content? Just write a plain HTML
document and think about marking things up like “header” instead of “big blue
header” and use CSS to make all headers look the way you want!
Some examples of good and bad
coding. What’s wrong with this?
<font size="3">Welcome to my page</font>
Comment: The font-tag is design and design shouldn’t be in the HTML document.
All design should be in the CSS-file! Instead do this:
In the HTML:
<h1>Welcome to my page</h1>
In the CSS:
h1 { font-size: 2em; }
One more example:
<b>An error occurred</b>
This looks right doesn’t it? But if you look up what <b> stands for you
quickly find bold. But bold is certainly design, so it still doesn’t belong in
the HTML document. A better choice is <em> that stands for emphasis or
simply “this piece of text is important”. So instead of saying “this text looks
like this” you are saying “this text is important” and you let the looks be
decided by the CSS. Seems like a minor change, but it illustrates how to select
your tags. Use this instead:
In the HTML:
<em>An error occured</em>
In the CSS:
em {
font-weight: bold;
color: Red;
}
One last example:
<table>
<tr><td><a href="">first
link</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="">second
link</a></td></tr>
...
</table>
Can CSS be used with
other than HTML documents?
Yes. CSS can be used with any ny structured document format. e.g. XML, however,
the method of linking CSS with other document types has not been decided yet.
Can Style Sheets and
HTML stylistic elements be used in the same document?
Yes. Style Sheets will be ignored in browsers without CSS-support and HTML
stylistic elements used.
What are pseudo-classes?
Pseudo-classes are fictional element types that do not exist in HTML. In CSS1
there is only one element type which can be classed this way, namely the A
element (anchor). By creating three fictional types of the A element individual
style can be attached to each class. These three fictional element types are: A
as unvisited link, A as active link and A as visited link. Pseudo-classes are
created by a colon followed by pseudo-class's name. They can also be combined
with normal classes, e.g.:
A:link {background: black; color: white}
A:active {background: black; color: red}
A:visited {background: transparent; color: black}
<A HREF....>This anchor (or rather these anchors) will be displayed as
declared above</A>
A.foot:link {background: black; color: white}
A.foft:active {background; black: color: red}
A.foot:visited {background: transparent; color: black}
<A CLASS=foot HREF....>This anchor and all other anchors with CLASS foot
will be displayed as declared above</A>
How do I design for
backward compatibility using Style Sheets?
Existing HTML style methods (such as <font SIZE> and <b>) may be
easily combined with style sheet specification methods. Browsers that do not
understand style sheets will use the older HTML formatting methods, and style
sheets specifications can control the appearance of these elements in browsers
that support CSS1.
As a reader, how can I
make my browser recognize my own style sheet?
Netscape
It is not possible to do this in Netscape yet (as of version 4.0.)
Internet Explorer 3.0 (Win95/NT)
[It is possible to do this at least in Windows95/NT, but no user interface is
provided. Unknown how this might be accomplished on other operating systems.]
1. Open the Registry editor (Start..Run..regedit..ENTER)
2. Under the 'HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\InternetExplorer\Styles'
key, Edit..New..String Value
3. The new value should be called 'StyleSheet Pathname'
4. For the value, type in the full directory path of your .css style sheet.
Internet Explorer 4.0 (Win95/NT)
1. Under the View menu, select 'Internet Options'.
2. Under the 'General' tab, choose the 'Accessibility' button.
3. Choose the 'Format documents using my style sheet' check box and 'Browse...'
to the location of your .css style sheet.
How do I get rid of
the gap under my image?
Images are
inline elements, which means they are treated in the same way as text. Most
people kind of know this - they know that if you use 'text-align:center' on an
image it will be centred. What many people don't realise is that this means you
will have a gap underneath an image. This gap is for the descenders of letters
like j,q,p,y and g. To get rid of this gap you need to make the image
block-level - like this :
CSS
img {display:block;}
One problem that this can cause is when you want to have a few images next to
each other - if they are block-level, they won't be next to each other. To get
around that, you can use float:left. Of course, this might present another
problem - maybe you don't want the image to float left. In this case, you can
use an unordered list like this :
CSS
ul, li {
list-style-type:none;
padding:0;
margin:0 auto;
}
ul {
width:150px;
}
li {
float:left;
}
HTML
<ul>
<li><img src="wine.jpg" height="50"
width="50" alt="wine" /></li>
<li><img src="wine.jpg" height="50"
width="50" alt="wine" /></li>
<li><img src="wine.jpg" height="50"
width="50" alt="wine" /></li>
<li><img src="wine.jpg" height="50"
width="50" alt="wine" /></li>
<li><img src="wine.jpg" height="50"
width="50" alt="wine" /></li>
<li><img src="wine.jpg" height="50"
width="50" alt="wine" /></li>
<li><img src="wine.jpg" height="50"
width="50" alt="wine" /></li>
<li><img src="wine.jpg" height="50"
width="50" alt="wine" /></li>
<li><img src="wine.jpg" height="50"
width="50" alt="wine" /></li>
</ul>
Why use Style Sheets?
Style sheets allow a much greater degree of layout and display control than has
ever been possible thus far in HTML. The amount of format coding necessary to
control display characteristics can be greatly reduced through the use of
external style sheets which can be used by a group of documents. Also, multiple
style sheets can be integrated from different sources to form a cohesive
tapestry of styles for a document. Style sheets are also backward compatible -
They can be mixed with HTML styling elements and attributes so that older
browsers can view content as intended.
What does the
"Cascading" in "Cascading Style Sheets" mean?
Style Sheets allow style information to be specified from many locations.
Multiple (partial) external style sheets can be referenced to reduce
redundancy, and both authors as well as readers can specify style preferences.
In addition, three main methods can be employed by an author to add style
information to HTML documents, and multiple approaches for style control are
available in each of these methods. In the end, style can be specified for a
single element using any, or all, of these methods. What style is to be used
when there is a direct conflict between style specifications for an element?
Cascading comes to the rescue. A document can have styles specified using all
of these methods, but all the information will be reduced to a single, cohesive
"virtual" Style Sheet. Conflict resolution is based on each style
rule having an assigned weight according to its importance in the scheme of
things. A rule with a higher overall importance will carry a higher weight.
This will be used in place of a competing style rule with a lower
weight/importance. A hierarchy of competing styles is thus formed creating a
"cascade" of styles according to their assigned weights. The
algorithm used to determine this cascading weight scale is fairly complex.
What is CSS rule
'at-rule'?
There are two types of CSS rules: ruleset and at-rule. At-rule is a rule that
applies to the whole style sheet and not to a specific selector only (like in
ruleset). They all begin with the @ symbol followed by a keyword made up of
letters a-z, A-Z, digits 0-9, dashes and escaped characters, e.g. @import or
@font-face.
What is selector?
CSS selector is equivalent of HTML element(s). It is a string identifying to
which element(s) the corresponding declaration(s) will apply and as such the
link between the HTML document and the style sheet.
For example in P {text-indent: 10pt} the selector is P and is called type
selector as it matches all instances of this element type in the document.
in P, UL {text-indent: 10pt} the selector is P and UL (see grouping); in .class
{text-indent: 10pt} the selector is .class (see class selector).
What is CLASS
selector?
Class selector is a "stand alone" class to which a specific style is
declared. Using the CLASS attribute the declared style can then be associated
with any HTML element. The class selectors are created by a period followed by
the class's name. The name can contain characters a-z, A-Z, digits 0-9, period,
hyphen, escaped characters, Unicode characters 161-255, as well as any Unicode
character as a numeric code, however, they cannot start with a dash or a digit.
(Note: in HTML the value of the CLASS attribute can contain more characters).It
is a good practice to name classes according to their function than their
appearance.
.footnote {font: 70%} /* class as selector */
<ADDRESS CLASS=footnote/>This element is associated with the CLASS
footnote</ADDRESS>
<P CLASS=footnote>And so is this</P>
What is CSS
declaration?
CSS declaration is style attached to a specific selector. It consists of two
parts; property which is equivalent of HTML attribute, e.g. text-indent: and
value which is equivalent of HTML value, e.g. 10pt. NOTE: properties are always
ended with a colon.
What is 'important'
declaration?
Important declaration is a declaration with increased weight. Declaration with
increased weight will override declarations with normal weight. If both
reader's and author's style sheet contain statements with important
declarations the author's declaration will override the reader's.
BODY {background: white ! important; color: black}
In the example above the background property has increased weight while the
color property has normal.
What is cascade?
Cascade is a method of defining the weight (importance) of individual styling
rules thus allowing conflicting rules to be sorted out should such rules apply
to the same selector.
Declarations with increased weight take precedence over declaration with normal
weight:
P {color: white ! important} /* increased weight */
P (color: black} /* normal weight */
Are Style Sheets case
sensitive?
No. Style sheets are case insensitive. Whatever is case insensitive in HTML is
also case insensitive in CSS. However, parts that are not under control of CSS
like font family names and URLs can be case sensitive - IMAGE.gif and image.gif
is not the same file.
How do I have a
non-tiling (non-repeating) background image?
With CSS,
you can use the background-repeat property. The background repeat can be
included in the shorthand background property, as in this example:
body {
background: white url(example.gif) no-repeat ;
color: black ;
}
CSS is clearly very
useful for separating style from content. But apparently people tend to have
problems when using it for layouts. Would you say this is because people have
not yet understood how to properly do layout in CSS, or is it CSS that is
lacking in this area? What can be done to improve the situation? --- Would the
web benefit from HTML and CSS being complemented with some kind of "layout
language"?
Layout and style should be tackled by the same language and the two are
intertwined. Trying to split the two is like splitting the HTML specification
in two, one specification describing inline elements and the other describing
block elements. It's not worth the effort. CSS is capable of describing
beautiful and scalable layouts. The CSS Zen Garden has been a eye-opening
showcase of what is possible today. If MS IE had supported CSS tables, another
set of layouts would have been possible. So, there is still lots of potential
in the existing CSS specifications which should be the next milestone.
I always wanted to have "included"
substyles or "aliases" in my CSS definition, to save redundancy.
(For includes)
.class1 { color:#ff0000; }
.class2 { background-color:#ffffff; }
.class3 { include:class1,class2;font-weight:bold; }
(For aliases)
@alias color1 #ff0000;
@alias color2 #ffffff;
@alias default_image url('/img/image1.jpg');
.class1 { color:color1; }
.class2 { background-image:default_image;background-color:co lor2; }
This way we could change colors or images for a whole webpage
by editing a reduced number of lines.
Had you considered any of these ideas in the past? If so, why were they
rejected?
Yes, aliases and constants have been considered. CSS is already an indirection.
Instead of putting properties and values directly on elements, it associates
properties and values with selectors. What you (and others) are proposing is to
add another layer of indirection. By doing so, one could possible write
shorter, more manageable style sheets. However, there are also some downsides.
It requires a new syntactic construct (@alias) and implementations must be able
to remember a list of aliases. What if aliases are defined in one style sheet
and referenced in another -- should that work? If so, what if the first style
sheet isn't available?..
Styles not showing?
There are different ways to apply CSS to a HTML document with a stylesheet, and
these different ways can be combined:
* inline (internal) (Deprecated for XHTML)
* embedded (internal)
* linked (external) and
* @import (external)
Note: An external stylesheet is a text file that contains only CSS Styles. HTML
comments are not supposed to be in there and can lead to misinterpretation
(> is the CSS "Child" selector!).
How do I quote font
names in quoted values of the style attribute?
The attribute values can contain both single quotes and double quotes as long
as they come in matching pairs. If two pair of quotes are required include
single quotes in double ones or vice versa:
<P STYLE="font-family: 'New Times Roman'; font-size: 90%">
<P STYLE='font-family: "New Times Roman"; font-size: 90%'>
It's been reported the latter method doesn't work very well in some browsers,
therefore the first one should be used.
Why is my external
stylesheet not working ?
There may be several different reasons behind that, but one very common mistake
is to have an external stylesheet that contains HTML markup in some form.
An external stylesheet must contain only CSS rules, and if required, correctly
formed CSS comments; never include any HTML syntax, such as <style
type="text/css">…
CSS comments are defined as anything that is placed between
/* (the comment start mark) and
*/ (the comment end mark). I.e. as follows…
/* This text right here is a correct CSS comment */
CSS comments may span multiple lines in the stylesheet. Nesting of CSS comments
is not allowed.
Another reason for external stylesheets (and even embedded and inline
stylerules) not to function as expected may be that you have tried to make use
of some CSS-features that are not supported in the browser you are using.
External stylesheets shall also be served from the www-server with a MIME-type
of 'text/css' in its 'Content Type:' HTTP header.
You may need to negotiate with your server admin to add this MIME type to your
server if you are not able to configure the server yourself.
What can be done with
style sheets that can not be accomplished with regular HTML?
Many of the recent extensions to HTML have been tentative and somewhat crude
attempts to control document layout. Style sheets go several steps beyond, and
introduces complex border, margin and spacing control to most HTML elements. It
also extends the capabilities introduced by most of the existing HTML browser
extensions. Background colors or images can now be assigned to ANY HTML element
instead of just the BODY element and borders can now be applied to any element
instead of just to tables. For more information on the possible properties in
CSS, see the Index DOT Css Property Index.
How do I make my div
100% height?
You need to
know what the 100% is of, so the parent div must have a height set. One problem
that people often come up against is making the main page fill the screen if
there's little content. You can do that like this :
CSS
body, html {
height:100%;
}
body {
margin:0;
padding:0;
}
#wrap {
position:relative;
min-height:100%;
}
* html #wrap {
height:100%;
}
Here, the #wrap div goes around your whole page - it's like a sub-body.
You need to use 'min-height' rather than 'height' for Firefox because otherwise
it will set it to 100% of the viewport and no more. Internet Explorer, being
well... crap, treats 'height' as it should be treating 'min-height' which it
doesn't recognise. (You can target IE by preceding your code with ' * html ').
To make floated divs within this #wrap div 100% of the #wrap div... well that's
more difficult. I think the best way is to use the 'faux columns' technique
which basically means that you put the background in your body rather than your
columns. If the body has columns and your floats don't then it looks like your
floated content is in a column that stretches to the bottom of the page. I've
used this technique in my layout demos.
The problem is often not that the columns aren't 100% height, but that they're
not equal lengths. Columns usually don't start from the top of the page and end
at the bottom - there's often a header and a footer or sometimes, more
interesting designs don't have a recognisable columnar layout, but do require
div boxes to be equal heights. This can be done with the aid of a couple of
images and some css or with some javascript.
What is property?
Property is a stylistic parameter (attribute) that can be influenced through
CSS, e.g. FONT or WIDTH. There must always be a corresponing value or values
set to each property, e.g. font: bold or font: bold san-serif.
How do I write my
style sheet so that it gracefully cascades with user's personal sheet ?
You can help with this by setting properties in recommended places. Style rules
that apply to the whole document should be set in the BODY element -- and only there.
In this way, the user can easily modify document-wide style settings.
What are
pseudo-elements?
Pseudo-elements are fictional elements that do not exist in HTML. They address
the element's sub-part (non-existent in HTML) and not the element itself. In
CSS1 there are two pseudo-elements: 'first-line pseudo-element' and
'first-letter pseudo-element'. They can be attached to block-level elements
(e.g. paragraphs or headings) to allow typographical styling of their
sub-parts. Pseudo-element is created by a colon followed by pseudo-element's
name, e.g:
P:first-line
H1:first-letter
and can be combined with normal classes; e.g:
P.initial:first-line
First-line pseudo-element allows sub-parting the element's first line and
attaching specific style exclusively to this sub-part; e.g.:
P.initial:first-line {text-transform: uppercase}
<P class=initial>The first line of this paragraph will be displayed in
uppercase letters</P>
First-letter pseudo-element allows sub-parting the element's first letter and
attaching specific style exclusively to this sub-part; e.g.:
P.initial:first-letter { font-size: 200%; color: red}
<P class=initial>The first letter of this paragraph will be displayed in
red and twice as large as the remaining letters</P>
As a developer who
works with CSS every day, I find one complication that continues to bother me
in my daily work. Support for CSS has always been good on the horizontal scope,
but vertical positioning has always been quite complicated. Alone the procedure
to affix a footer to the bottom of a screen in dependance of the amount of
content is unnecessarily difficult. The old table method provided much easier
methods for this. What are your thoughts on this and do you see improvement
following in future CSS revisions?
Indeed, the CSS formatting model allows more control horizontally than
vertically. This is due to (typically) having a known width, but an unknown
height. As such, the height is harder to deal with. However, CSS2 fixed
positioning allows you to place content relative to the viewport (which is
CSS-speak for window) instead of the document. For example, by setting
position: fixed; bottom: 0 on an element, it will stick to the bottom. This
works in Opera, Safari and Mozilla-based browsers. IE6 doesn't support it, however.
It remains to be seen if IE7 will support it.
How can I make a page
look the same in e.g. NS and MSIE ?
The simple answer is, you can't, and you shouldn't waste your time trying to
make it exactly the same. Web browsers are allowed, per definition, to
interpret a page as they like, subject to the general rules set down in the
HTML and CSS specifications. As a web author you can not have a prior knowledge
of the exact situation and/or medium that will be used to render your page, and
it's almost always rather counterproductive to try to control that process.
There is no necessity for a well-written page to look the same in different
browsers. You may want to strive to ensure that it looks good in more than one
browser, even if the actual display (in the case of graphical browsers) comes
out a bit different. "Looking good" can be achieved by adopting
sensible design and guidelines, such as not fixing the size or face of your
fonts, not fixing the width of tables, etc… Don't fight the medium; most web
users only use one browser and will never know, or bother to find out, that
your page looks different, or even "better", in any other browser.
Is there anything that
CAN'T be replaced by Style Sheets?
Quite a bit actually. Style sheets only specify information that controls
display and rendering information. Virtual style elements that convey the
NATURE of the content can not be replaced by style sheets, and hyperlinking and
multimedia object insertion is not a part of style sheet functionality at all
(although controlling how those objects appear IS part of style sheets
functionality.) The CSS1 specification has gone out of its way to absorb ALL of
the HTML functionality used in controlling display and layout characteristics.
For more information on the possible properties in CSS, see the Index DOT Css
Property Index.
Rule of Thumb: if an HTML element or attribute gives cues as to how its
contents should be displayed, then some or all of its functionality has been
absorbed by style sheets.
Can I include comments
in my Style Sheet?
Yes.
Comments can be written anywhere where whitespace is allowed and are treated as
white space themselves. Anything written between /* and */ is treated as a
comment (white space). NOTE: Comments cannot be nested.
What is the difference
between ID and CLASS?
ID identifies and sets style to one and only one occurrence of an element while
class can be attached to any number of elements. By singling out one occurrence
of an element the unique value can be declared to said element.
CSS
#eva1 {background: red; color: white}
.eva2 {background: red; color: white}
HTML - ID
<P ID=eva1>Paragraph 1 - ONLY THIS occurrence of the element P (or single
occurrence of some other element) can be identified as eva1</P>
<P ID=eva1>Paragraph 2 - This occurrence of the element P CANNOT be
identified as eva1</P>
HTML - CLASS
<P class=eva2>Paragraph 1 - This occurrence of the element P can be
classified as eva2</P>
<P class=eva2>Paragraph 2 - And so can this, as well as occurrences of
any other element, </P>
How to make text-links
without underline?
a:link, a:visited {text-decoration: none}
or
<a style="text-decoration: none" HREF="...">
...will show the links without underlining. However, suppressing the
underlining of links isn't a very smart idea as most people are used to having
them underlined. Also, such links are not spotted unless someone coincidentally
runs a mouse over them. If, for whatever reason, links without underline are
required background and foreground colors can be instead declared to them so
that they can be distinguished from other text, e.g.;
a:link, a:visited {text-decoration: none; background: red; color: blue}
or
<a style="text-decoration: none; background: red; color: blue"
HREF="...">
Both background and foreground colors should be specified as the property that
is not specified can be overridden by user's own settings.
How do you make a tool
tip that appears on hover?
The most simple way is to use the 'title' attribute like this...
HTML
<span title="Example of the title attribute in use">like
this</span>
CSS
a.tooltip {
position:relative;
cursor:help;
}
a.tooltip span {
display: none;
position:absolute;
top:1.5em;
left:0;
width:15em;
padding:0 2px;
}
a.tooltip:hover {
display:inline;
}
a.tooltip:hover span {
display:block;
border:1px solid gray;
background-color:white;
}
HTML
<a class="tooltip" href="#n">Karl
Marx<span>-info goes here-</span></a>
Without this part... a.tooltip:hover {
display:inline;
}
..it won't work in IE.
The "#n" in the link is to prevent the page from jumping to the top
if the link is clicked. The "href" part is necessary as it won't work
in IE without it.
Which characters can
CSS-names contain?
The CSS-names; names of selectors, classes and IDs can contain characters a-z,
A-Z, digits 0-9, period, hyphen, escaped characters, Unicode characters
161-255, as well as any Unicode character as a numeric code. The names cannot
start with a dash or a digit. (Note: in HTML the value of the CLASS attribute
can contain more characters).
What browsers support
style sheets? To what extent?
Microsoft's Internet Explorer version 3.0 Beta 2 and above supports CSS, as
does Netscape Communicator 4.0 Beta 2 and above and Opera 3.5 and above. Take
note that the early implementations in these browsers did not support ALL of
the properties and syntax described in the full CSS1 specification and beyond.
Later versions have been getting much closer to full CSS1 compliance, but then
comes the next hurdle - CSS2...it was such a big leap over CSS1 that it has
taken the browsers years to come close to supporting a majority of CSS2's
features. Mozilla and Opera's current versions both offer excellent CSS
standards compliance. The Macintosh version of Internet Explorer is said to be
very impressive in its CSS capabilities as well, but PC IE lags behind these
implementations. Quite a few other implementations of CSS now exist in browsers
that are not as widely-used (such as Amaya, Arena and Emacs-W3), but coverage
of features in these documents currently only covers Internet Explorer, NCSA
Mosaic, Netscape and Opera browsers.
What is cascading
order?
Cascading
order is a sorting system consisting of rules by which declarations are sorted
out so that there are not conflicts as to which declaration is to influence the
presentation. The sorting begins with rule no 1. If a match is found the search
is over. If there is no match under rule no 1 the search continues under rule
no 2 and so on.
1. Find all declarations that apply to a specific selector/property and Declare
the specified style if the selector matches the element if there isn't any Let
the element inherit its parent property if there isn't any Use initial value
2. Sort by weight (! important) Increased weight take precedence over normal
weight
3. Sort by origin Rules with normal weight declared in author's style sheet
will override rules with normal weight declared in user's personal style sheets
Rules with increased weight declared in user's personal style sheet will
override rules with normal weight declared in author's style sheet Rules with
increased weight declared in author's style sheet will override rules with
increased weight declared in user's personal style sheets Author's and user's
rules will override UA's default style sheet.
4. Sort by selector's specificity More specific selector will override less
specific one: ID-selector (most specific), followed by Classified contextual
selectors (TABLE P EM.fot) Class selectors (EM.fot) Contextual selectors - the
"lower down" the more weight, (TABLE P EM), (TABLE P EM STRONG) -
STRONG has more weight than EM.
5. Sort by order specified If two rules have the same weight, the latter
specified overrides ones specified earlier. Style sheets are sorted out as
follows: The STYLE attribute (inline style) overrides all other styles The
Style element (embedded style) overrides linked and imported sheets The LINK
element (external style) overrides imported style The @import statement -
imported style sheets also cascade with each other in the same order as they
are imported
Why shouldn't I use
fixed sized fonts ?
Only in very rare situations we will find users that have a
"calibrated" rendering device that shows fixed font sizes correct.
This tells us that we can never know the real size of a font when it's rendered
on the user end. Other people may find your choice of font size uncomfortable.
A surprisingly large number of people have vision problems and require larger
text than the average. Other people have good eyesight and prefer the advantage
of more text on the screen that a smaller font size allows. What is comfortable
to you on your system may be uncomfortable to someone else. Browsers have a
default size for fonts. If a user finds this inappropriate, they can change it
to something they prefer. You can never assume that your choice is better for
them. So, leave the font size alone for the majority of your text. If you wish
to change it in specific places (say smaller text for a copyright notice at the
bottom of page), use relative units so that the size will stay in relationship
to what the user may have selected already. Remember, if people find your text
uncomfortable, they will not bother struggling with your web site. Very few (if
any) web sites are important enough to the average user to justify fighting
with the author's idea of what is best.
How do you make a
whole div into a link?
You can't put 'a' tags around a div, but you can do this with javascript :
HTML
<div onclick="javascript:location='http://bonrouge.com'"
id="mydiv">
... stuff goes here ...
</div>
If you want to use an empty div with a background image as a link instead of
putting your image into the html, you can do something like this:
CSS
#empty {
background-image:url(wine.jpg);
width:50px;
height:50px;
margin:auto;
}
#empty a {
display:block;
height:50px;
}
* html #empty a {
display:inline-block;
}
HTML
<div id="empty"><a
href="#n"></a></div>
How do I have links of
different colors on the same page?
Recommending people to use classes in their 'a' tags like this :
CSS
a.red {
color:red;
}
a.blue {
color:blue;
}
HTML
<a href="#" class="red">A red link</a>
<a href="#" class="blue">A blue link</a>
This is a valid way to do it, but usually, this isn't what a page looks like -
two links next to each other with different colours - it's usually something
like a menu with one kind of link and main body text or another menu with
different links. In this (normal) situation, To go higher up the cascade to
style the links. Something like this :
CSS
a {
color:red;
}
#menu a {
color:blue;
}
HTML
<ul id="menu">
<li><a href="#">A red link</a></li>
<li><a href="#">A red link</a></li>
</ul>
<div id="content">
<p>There's <a href="#">a blue link</a>
here.</p>
</div>
What is shorthand
property?
Shorthand property is a property made up of individual properties that have a
common "addressee". For example properties: font-weight, font-style,
font-variant, font-size, font-family, refer to the font. To reduce the size of
style sheets and also save some keystrokes as well as bandwidth they can all be
specified as one shorthand property font, e.g.:
H1 {font-weight: bold;
font-style: italic;
font-variant: small-caps;
font-size: 160%;
font-family: serif}
can be all shorthanded to a space separated list:
H1 {font: bold italic small-caps 160% serif}
Note: To make things even simpler the line-height property can be specified
together with the font-size property:
H1 {font: bold italic small-caps 160%/170% serif}
How to use CSS
building a standards based HTML template?
It should:
1. Contain: header, navigation, content, footer
2. Use well-structured HTML
3. Be error-free and encourage good coding
Let’s start with number one there:
HTML document split up in four parts all with different meaning, use the
-tag. Div is short for “division” and isn’t header, navigation and so on ...
!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>Your own page title</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"
type="text/css">
</head>
<body>
<div id="header">
<h1>The name of this page</h1>
</div>
<div id="navigation">
<h2>Navigation</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="first.html">First</a></li>
<li><a href="second.html">Second</a></li>
<li><a href="third.html">Third</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="content">
<h2>Content</h2>
<p>Some sample content, add your own here</p>
</div>
<div id="footer">
<p>This page is written by [Your name] and builds
n a <a href="http://friendlybit.com">
Friendlybit template</a>.</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
body {
background-color: Green;
}
div {
border: 3px solid Black;
padding: 7px;
width: 600px;
}
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
margin: 0;
}
#navigation {
float: left;
width: 150px;
}
#content {
float: left;
width: 430px;
}
#footer {
clear: both;
}
What is value?
Value is a
'physical' characteristic of the property. Property declares what should be
formatted, e.g. FONT while value suggests how the property should be formatted,
e.g. 12pt. By setting the value 12pt to the property FONT it is suggested that
the formatted text be displayed in a 12 point font. There must always be a
corresponding property to each value or set of values.
H1 {font: bold 180%}
In the example above the H1 selector is declared the FONT property which in its
turn is declared the values BOLD and 180%.
The values suggesting alternatives are specified in a comma separated list,
e.g.
H1 {font-family: font1, font2}
What is initial value?
Initial value is a default value of the property, that is the value given to
the root element of the document tree. All properties have an initial value. If
no specific value is set and/or if a property is not inherited the initial
value is used. For example the background property is not inherited, however,
the background of the parent element shines through because the initial value
of background property is transparent.
<P style="background: red">Hello <strong>World
</strong> </P>
Content of the element P will also have red background
How frustrating is it
to write a specification knowing that you're at the browser vendors' mercy?
That's part of the game. I don't think any specification has a birthright to be
fully supported by all browsers. There should be healthy competition between
different specifications. I believe simple, author-friendly specifications will
prevail in this environment.
Microformats are another way of developing new formats. Instead of having to
convince browser vendors to support your favorite specification, microformats
add semantics to HTML through the CLASS attribute. And style it with CSS.
How far can CSS be
taken beyond the web page--that is, have generalized or non-web specific
features for such things as page formatting or type setting?
Yes, it's possible to take CSS further in several directions. W3C just
published a new Working Draft which describes features for printing, e.g.,
footnotes, cross-references, and even generated indexes.
Another great opportunity for CSS is Web Applications. Just like documents,
applications need to be styled and CSS is an intrinsic component of AJAX. The
"AJAX" name sounds great.
How To Style Table
Cells?
Margin, Border and Padding are difficult to apply to inline elements.
Officially, the <TD> tag is a block level element because it can contain
other block level elements (see Basics - Elements).
If you need to set special margins, borders, or padding inside a table cell,
then use this markup:
<td>
yourtext </div></td>
to apply the CSS rules to the div inside the cell. </p>
How To Style Forms?
Forms and form elements like SELECT, INPUT etc. can be styled with CSS -
partially.
Checkboxes and Radiobuttons do not yet accept styles, and Netscape 4.xx has
certain issues, but here is a tutorial that explains the application of CSS
Styles on Form Elements.
How do I get my footer
to sit at the bottom...?
Need a div which makes space at the bottom of the main page (inside the #wrap
div). Then, the footer (being inside #wrap) can be placed in that space by
using absolute positioning. Like this :
CSS body, html {
height:100%;
}
body {
margin:0;
padding:0;
}
#wrap {
position:relative;
width:780px;
margin:auto; min-height:100%;
}
* html #wrap {
height:100%;
}
#clearfooter {
height:50px;
overflow:hidden;
}
#footer {
position:absolute;
bottom:0;
width:100%;
height:50px;
}
HTML
<div id="wrap">
...content goes here...
<div id="clearfooter"></div>
<div id="footer">Footer</div>
</div>
Can I attach more than
one declaration to a selector?
Yes. If more than one declaration is attached to a selector they must appear in
a semi colon separated list, e.g.;
Selector {declaration1; declaration2}
P {background: white; color: black}
Border around a table?
Try the
following:
.tblboda {
border-width: 1px;
border-style: solid;
border-color: #CCCCCC;
}
/*color, thickness and style can be altered*/
You put this style declaration either in
an external stylesheet, or you can stuff it in
the <head></head> section, like:
<style type="text/css">
(here you can place your styles)
</style>
and apply it to the table as follows:
<div class="tblboda">
<table yaddayadda>
<tr>
<td>Content text and more content</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
That should give you a grey thin border around this table.
If you want the border to 'shrink wrap' around the table, then you have to use
the <span> tag instead the
tag. But that is not quite proper CSS or HTML, because a is for inline
elements. A table is not an inline element, therefore the correct tag is a
<div>. If you play around with it a bit then you have a good chance to
achieve what you want and still have correct HTML/CSS.
The other way would be that you apply the class .tblboda directly to the table
(for IE and other contemporary browsers), like <table ...
class="tableboda"> and you define another class for each
stylesheet: .tblboda2
In the NN4.xx stylesheet, you use the same properties as above, and in the IE
and other contemporary browsers you carefully set all those properties to
default, like {border-style: none;}
Then you wrap the table in the <div> with the class .tblboda2 (NN4.xx
does that) (IE a.o.c.b. don't do anything, because the border-style is set to
"none" = no border at all).
This way you have a table that is wrapped in a nice little border: .tblboda2
for NN4.xx, .tblboda for IE and other modern browsers.
How do you target a
certain browser?
IE can be targetted by preceding your properties with '* html'. For example...
#nav {
position:fixed;
}
* html #nav { /* this will target IE */
position:absolute;
}
Another way to target IE is with conditional comments. Put this (below) in the
head - just before the closing tag - and put anything you want to be directed
only at IE in another stylesheet.
<!--[if IE]>
<link href="ieonly.css" rel="stylesheet"
type="text/css">
<![endif]-->
If you need to target IE5x...
#wrap {
width:760px; /* for IE5x */
w\idth:780px; /* for all other major browsers */
}
How does inheritance work?
HTML documents are structured hierarchically. There is an ancestor, the top
level element, the HTML element, from which all other elements (children) are
descended. As in any other family also children of the HTML family can inherit
their parents, e.g. color or size.
By letting the children inherit their parents a default style can be created
for top level elements and their children. (Note: not all properties can be
inherited). The inheritance starts at the oldest ancestor and is passed on to
its children and then their children and the children's children and so on.
Inherited style can be overridden by declaring specific style to child element.
For example if the EM element is not to inherit its parent P then own style
must be declared to it. For example:
BODY {font-size: 10pt}
All text will be displayed in a 10 point font
BODY {font-size: 10pt}
H1 {font-size: 14pt} or H1 {font-size: 180%}
All text except for the level 1 headings will be displayed in a 10 point font.
H1 will be displayed in a 14 point font (or in a font that is 80% larger than
the one set to BODY). If the element H1 contains other elements, e.g. EM then
the EM element will also be displayed in a 14 point font (or 180%) it will
inherit the property of the parent H1. If the EM element is to be displayed in
some other font then own font properties must be declared to it, e.g.:
BODY {font-size: 10pt}
H1 {font-size: 14pt} or H1 {font-size: 180%}
EM {font-size: 15pt} or EM {font-size: 110%}
The EM element will be displayed in a 15 point font or will be 10% larger than
H1. NOTE: EM is, in this example, inside H1 therefore will inherit H1's
properties and not Body's.
The above declaration will display all EM elements in 15 point font or font
that is 10% larger than font declared to the parent element. If this specific
font is to apply to EM elements but only if they are inside H1 and not every
occurrence of EM then EM must take a form of a contextual selector.
H1 EM {font-size: 15pt} or H1 EM {font-size: 110%}
In the example above EM is a contextual selector. It will be displayed in
specified font only if it will be found in the context of H1.
Not all properties are inherited. One such property is background. However,
since it's initial value is transparent the background of the parent element
will shine through by default unless it is explicitly set.
What is the percentage
value in 'font-size' relative to?
It is
relative to the parent element's font-size. For example, if the style sheet
says:
H1 {font-size: 20pt;}
SUP {font-size: 80%;}
...then a <SUP> inside an <H1> will have a font-size of 80% times
20pt, or 16pt.
What is wrong with
font-family: "Verdana, Arial, Helvetica"?
The quotes. This is actually a list with a single item containing the well-known
'Verdana, Arial, Helvetica' font family. It is probably intended to be a list
of three items.
Unlike in most other CSS1 properties, values for the font-family are separated
by a comma to indicate that they are alternatives. Font names containing
whitespace should be quoted. If quoting is omitted, any whitespace characters
before and after the font name are ignored and any sequence of whitespace
characters inside the font name is converted to a single space.
So to ask for two fonts foo and bar the syntax is:
font-family: foo, bar
To ask for the two fonts Revival 555 and Iodine you can do this:
font-family: "Revival 555", Iodine
You could also do this:
font-family: Revival 555, Iodine
which is equivalent. Notice that this is not three fonts; you can tell because
after the "l" you didn't hit a comma, (more list items to come) a
semicolon (end of that property, another property coming up) or a curly brace
(end of that rule). This is also equivalent:
font-family: Revival 555, Iodine
^^^^^^ whole bunch of spaces converts to one space
But this next one is asking for a different font with two spaces in the name
font-family: "Revival 555", Iodine
^^two spaces, which are not converted
In general it is more tolerant of user typing to leave out the quotes.
Sometimes you need them, for example there is a real font sold by Fontworks and
designed in 1995 by Stephan Müller called Friday, Saturday, Sunday. Yes, two
commas in the actual font name. CSS1 can handle this:
font-family: "Friday, Saturday, Sunday", cursive
Because it can handle this, the example in the title is syntactically correct.
But what the author or tool wrote was almost certainly not what the document
author intended.
How do I centre my
page?
This is very easy. If we take the code in the last question and change it to
this :
CSS
body, html {
height:100%;
}
body {
margin:0;
padding:0;
}
#wrap {
position:relative;
width:780px;
margin:auto; min-height:100%;
}
* html #wrap {
height:100%;
}
you get a page that fits an 800x600 resolution screen without a horizontal
scrollbar, which will be centered at higher resolutions.
Must I quote property
values?
Generally no. However, values containing white spaces, e.g. font-family names
should be quoted as whitespaces surrounding the font name are ignored and
whitespaces inside the font name are converted to a single space, thus font
names made up of more than one word (e.g.) 'Times New Roman' are interpreted as
three different names: Times, New and Roman.
Do any WYSIWYG editors
support the creation of Style Sheets? Any text-based HTML editors?
As support for CSS in browsers has matured in the last year, both WYSIWYG and
Text-based HTML editors have appeared that allow the creation or the assistance
of creating Cascading Style Sheet syntax. There are now at least two dozen
editors supporting CSS syntax in some form. The W3C maintains an up-to-date
list of these WYSIWYG and text-based editors.
Which style
specification method should be used? Why?
The answer to this one is tricky. The short answer is: "it depends."
The long answer is, however, another story.
If you are planning on using more than one style specification method in your
document, you must also worry about Cascading Order of Style methods (see
question 11.) If you are going to use only one method, then some guidelines
about the nature of each method need to be kept in mind. The answer to this
question is also very much related to the advantages and disadvantages to using
each of them (next question.)
Method 1: External Style Sheets (The LINK [-->Index DOT Html] element)
This method should be used if you want to apply the same style to multiple
documents. Each document can reference the stand-alone style sheet and use the
styles contained within. Using this method, the appearance of many documents
can be controlled using a single or small number of style sheets. This can save
a LOT of time for an author.
Method 2: Embedded Style Sheets (The Style [-->Index DOT Html] element)
The syntax used with Method 2 is the same as that for Method 1. This method is
a happy medium between External Style Sheets and Inline Styles (see below.). It
should be used in place of Method 1 if you only want to specify styles for a
single document. This method should also be used when you want to specify a
style for multiple tag types at once or the list of style definitions is of
larger size. Method 3: Inline Styles (STYLE attribute to HTML elements)
If you only have to apply style to one or a few elements in a single document,
your best bet will often be an Inline Style. This method attaches a style
definition within the HTML element it is modifying.
Justified Text?
You redefine
the <p> tag like:
p {text-align: justify;}
and that renders all <p>s with justified text.
Another possibility is to define a class, like:
.just {text-align: justify;}
and then you style the paragraphs in question like:
<td class="just">text </td>
Note that NN 4.xx has problems with the inheritance of styles; that some NN4.xx
browsers have a funny way to interpret "justify"; and that you have
to have at least one blank space between the last character and the </p>
tag, because otherwise NN 4.xx likes to justify even a three word half-sentence...
also, some browsers do a pretty ugly job of rendering justified text, adding
spaces between words, instead of spaces between letters, as with
word-processing programs.
Why can @import be at
the top only?
A style sheet that is imported into another one has a lower ranking in the
cascading order: the importing style sheet overrides the imported one.
Programmers may recognize this as the same model as in Java, Modula,
Object-Pascal, Oberon and other modular programming languages.
However, there is a competing model, well-known to C programmers, where the
imported material is not lower in rank, but is expanded in-place and becomes an
integral part of the importing document.
By allowing @import only at the top of the style sheet, people that think in
terms of the second model (although in principle incorrect) will still get the
expected results: as long as the @import is before any other overriding rules,
the two models are equivalent.
Btw. In all the modular languages import statements are only allowed at the
top. In C, the #include can be put elsewhere, but in practice everybody always
puts it at the top. So there may not be that much need to allow @import
elsewhere in the style sheet either.
Colored Horizontal
Rule?
You can apply styles to Horizontal Rules <HR> in IE without problems, but
NN4.xx can only render the silvery HR. But there is a way around it:
.rule {border-top-width: 1px;
border-top-style: solid;
border-color: #FF0000;
margin: 0px 2%;}
that, applied to a div, should give you a red HR in NN4.xx and IE, with a 2%
gap on the left and right side.
CSSharky Logo
On this page is an Example of a coloured 'Horizontal Rule'.
Update:
Thanks to Matt Del Vecchio here is an improved format for the Horizontal Rule:
hr { height:0px;
border:0px;
border-top:1px solid #ff1493; }
....this works in both IE and Netscape. It tells the browser to not render the
hr rule itself, and then sets a 1px border, which looks just how most folks
want to render the hr rule. It uses the <hr> element and that is better
than writing your own class as all devices will know what to do with an
<hr> tag.
Do URL's have quotes
or not?
Double or single quotes in URLs are optional. The tree following examples are
equally valid:
BODY {background: url(pics/wave.png) blue}
BODY {background: url("pics/wave.png") blue}
BODY {background: url('pics/wave.png') blue}
To what are partial
URLs relative?
Partial URLs are relative to the source of the style sheet. The style sheet
source can either be linked or embedded. To which source partial URLs are relative
to depends on their occurrence.
If a partial URL occurs in a linked style sheet then it is relative to the
linked style sheet. The URL of the linked style sheet is the URL of the
directory where the sheet is kept.
If a partial URL occurs in an embedded style sheet then it is relative to the
embedded style sheet. The URL of the embedded style sheet is the URL of the
HTML document in which the sheet is embedded.
Note that Navigator 4.x treats partial URLs as being relative to the HTML
document, regardless of the place where the partial URL occurs. This is a
serious bug which forces most authors to use absolute URLs in their CSS.
What's the difference
between 'class' and 'id'?
As a person, you may have an ID card - a passport, a driving license or
whatever - which identifies you as a unique individual. It's the same with CSS.
If you want to apply style to one element use 'id' (e.g. <div
id="myid">). In the stylesheet, you identify an 'id' with a '#'
ie. '#myid'...
As a person, if you are in a class, you are one of many. It's the same with
CSS. If you want to apply the same style to more than one element, use 'class'
(e.g. <div class="myclass">). In the stylesheet, you identify a
'class' with a '.' ie. '.myclass'...
If id's are more restrictive than classes, then why not just litter your page
with classes? Well, I think the main thing is that it's simply wrong. You don't
put headings in 'p' tags - you use 'h1', 'h2', etc. You don't (or shouldn't)
make a list by writing asterisks or the little divider bar ( | ) - you use list
tags ('ol'/'ul' + 'li') . You don't say that your footer is part of a class of
elements called 'footer' - that's just stupid - you can't have more than one
footer - it can't be a class. Of course, practically, the effect is about the
same - the rules are applied - but that's not the point - it's semantically
wrong to do it that way... However, if you try to give more than one element
the same id, you will have problems - so don't do it.
An element may have an id and a class, but that's usually not necessary. You
can also give an element two classes if you need to - like this :
class="class1 class2". It can be very useful. Needless to say, you
can't give an element two id's.
Another difference is to do with power. You can give an element an id and a
class, but if any of the properties of the two conflict, the id style will win.
Ids are more powerful than classes.
One more useful thing about id's is that they can be used as a link reference.
Many people still think that you need named anchors to make links within a
page, but that's simply not true - in fact, the name attribute is deprecated in
XHTML except for in forms. One example of using id's as link references is this
page. There are no named anchors on this page - the questions at the top of the
page link to the id's of the divs that the answers are in.
I made a 10px-high
div, but IE makes it 20px high...
Yeah
This problem sometimes comes up when you make a div just to contain the bottom
border of a box, or something like that. In this situation, there's no text in
the div, but IE won't let the height of the div be smaller than the line-height
(which usually depends on the font-size). The answer is to set the font-size to
zero.
CSS
#thediv {
font-size:0;
}
How do I place two paragraphs
next to each other?
There are several ways to accomplish this effect, although each has its own
benefits and drawbacks. We start with the simplest method of positioning two
paragraphs next to each other.
<DIV style="float: left; width: 50%">Paragraph 1</DIV>
<DIV style="float: left; width: 50%">Paragraph 2</DIV>
Trickier is this example, which relies on positioning but does not suffer the
vertical-overlap problems which plague many other positioning solutions. The
problem is that it relies on an incorrect positioning implementation, and will
break down dramatically in conformant browsers.
<P>
<SPAN STYLE="position: relative; left: 50%; width: 50%">
<SPAN STYLE="position: absolute; left: -100%; width: 100%">
Paragraph 1</SPAN>
Paragraph 2</SPAN>
</P>
If floating is not sufficient to your purposes, or you cannot accept display
variances in older browsers, then it may be best to fall back to table-based
solutions.
Can you use someone
else's Style Sheet without permission?
This is a
somewhat fuzzy issue. As with HTML tags, style sheet information is given using
a special language syntax. Use of the language is not copyrighted, and the
syntax itself does not convey any content - only rendering information.
It is not a great idea to reference an external style sheet on someone else's
server. Doing this is like referencing an in-line image from someone else's
server in your HTML document. This can end up overloading a server if too many
pages all over the net reference the same item. It can't hurt to contact the
author of a style sheet, if known, to discuss using the style sheet, but this
may not be possible. In any case, a local copy should be created and used
instead of referencing a remote copy.
I want my page fonts to
look the same everywhere as in…
a) Why are my font sizes different in different browsers ?
b) Why are my font sizes different on different platforms ?
These questions represent the tip of the iceberg of a large topic about which
whole essays have been written and a wide range of different views are held.
The WWW was originally devised to present the same content in different
presentation situations and for a wide range of readers: on that basis,
"looking the same" is not a design criterion, indeed different
presentations would be expected to look different.
Some would have it that this original aim is no longer relevant, and that the
purpose of web design is now to factor out the differences between display
situations and put the author in control of the details of the presentation.
Others point out that CSS was designed to give the reader a substantial amount
of joint control over this process, and that this is desirable, for example to
accommodate users with different visual acuity.
Reading of textual matter on a computer screen is quite a delicate business,
what with the relatively coarse pixel structure of a computer display; even
with a close knowledge of the display details, it isn't possible to achieve the
detailed control that would be possible, say, on a printer. Whatever one's aims,
the practical truth is that many of the efforts made to guarantee the precise
result on the screen have seriously counterproductive side effects in a www
situation.
The CSS specifications themselves recommend that authors should not use
absolute size units in a situation where the properties of the display are
unknown. There's a lot to be said for flexible design, that in an appropriate
situation looks the way you had in mind, but still successfully conveys content
and message in a wide range of other browsing situations.
And so, before looking at the technical detail of what can be specified, it's
strongly suggested that you read some of those essays on web design, and reach
your own conclusions as to the strengths and weaknesses of the medium, and how
you can best exploit the strengths in a web environment, without falling foul
of the weaknesses.
When is auto different
from 0 in margin properties?
In vertical margins, auto is always equal to 0. In horizontal margins, auto is
only equal to 0 if the width property is also auto. Here are three examples,
assume that there is a <P> that is a child of<BODY>:
Example 1: auto value on the width.
BODY {width: 30em;}
P {width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
Since the width property is auto, the auto values of the two margins will be
ignored. The result is a P that is 30em wide, with no margins.
Example 2: two auto margins
BODY {width: 30em;}
P {width: 20em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
The P will be 20em wide and the remaining 10em will be divided between the two
margins. Paragraphs will be indented 5em at both sides.
Example 3: one auto margin
BODY {width: 30em;}
P {width: 20em; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: auto;}
In this case, paragraphs are 20em wide and are indented 2em on the left side.
Since the total width available is 30em, that means the right margin will be
8em.
Note that the default value of width is auto, so setting one or both margins to
auto is only useful if you set the width to something other than auto at the
same time.
How do I move the list
bullet to the left/right?
CSS1 has no properties for setting margins or padding around the bullet of a
list item and in most cases the position of the bullet is browser-dependent.
This is especially true since most browsers disagreed on whether a bullet is
found within the margin or padding of a list item.
In CSS2, properties were introduced to provide greater control over the
placement of bullets (which CSS2 calls a "marker") but these were not
widely supported by mid-2001 browsers. Here is an example of changing a
marker's placement:
li:before {display: marker; marker-offset: 22px; content: url(triangle.jpg);}
In this example, a graphic of a triangle is inserted before the content of the
li element, set to be a marker (through display: marker;), and given an offset
of 22 pixels. Depending on the margin size of the list item, there may not be
room for the marker to appear next to the list item's content.
How does a simple CSS
style rule look ?
P { font-family: serif; font-size: 1.2em; }
Here we see a rule with a 'selector' P that has been given two style
declarations, i.e. two 'property:value' pairs.
'font-family' and 'font-size' are properties of the content of element P , and
these properties are assigned the values of 'serif' and '1.2em' respectively.
A colon ':' is the value assignment symbol in CSS, so using an equal sign '='
instead is an error and is required by the CSS specification to be ignored. Any
browser that appears to honor this style is behaving improperly.
For length values a 'unit' is always needed and there shall never be any space
between a number and its length unit.
A value given as e.g. '1.2 em' is an error and is required by the CSS
specification to be ignored. Any browser that appears to honor this style is
behaving improperly.
A semicolon ';' between declarations is required but it's also good "rule
of thumb" to put a ';' even after the last declaration.
Finally, curly braces '{…}' group one or more declarations into a final CSS
rule.
Why are there gaps
above and below my form in IE?
A lot of the time, when you find gaps that you can't account for, they are due
the default styles of different browsers - especially the margins and padding.
IE gives forms some margins above and below forms while Firefox doesn't. It's
like with lists - you'll find bigger padding and margins for lists in IE than
in Firefox. Paragraph margins are different, as are the margins on heading tags
(h1,h2, etc).
A good way to not get caught out by these problems is to set all margins and
padding to zero at the top of your style sheet and then add them as and when
you feel the a need for them, in that way, any margins and padding will be the
same in different browsers.
CSS
* {
margin:0;
padding:0;
}
If one were to set Text
and Link colors using a style sheet, should one also define the background
colors for these elements as well?
It is generally true that you should give background or background-color a
value, but not necessarily a color value. E.g., if the document has a
background image, you would "highlight" all links if you give them a
background color.
body { background-image: url(light-texture.png) #FFF; color: #000 }
a:link, a:visited, a:active { color: #00F; background-color: transparent; }
By setting the background-image explicitly to transparent, you lower the risk
of another rule in the cascade giving links a background that would highlight
them.
How do you override the
underlining of hyperlinks?
CSS has the ability to explicitly control the status of underlining for an
element - even for hyperlinks. The correct way to do this in an external or
document-level style sheet is:
A { text-decoration: none }
and within an anchor element as:
<a HREF="example.htm" STYLE="text-decoration:
none">link text</a>
Note: The underlining of hyperlinks is a long-standing visual convention that
assists in the visual identification of active hyperlink areas. Many users
expect to see hyperlinks underlined and may be confused and/or irritated if
they are not used. User-defined style sheets address this user need by allowing
the user to have final control over this feature. Unfortunately, wide support
for this ability does not yet exist.
How do you show which
page you're on (in a menu)?
If PHP is
not available to you, you could use the cascade. Put an id in your body tags
and an id in each of your 'a' tags for the links.
Let's say on page one you have this:
CSS
<body id="page1">
....
<a id="page1link" href="page1.htm">page one</a>
...
</body>
In your CSS, you can have something like this:
CSS
#page1 a#page1link {
color:purple;
How can I specify two
different sets of link colors?
By classifying each set of links and then attaching desired color to each set.
CSS:
<style type="text/css">
<!--
A.set1:link {color: some_color; background: some_background_color}
A.set1:visited {color: some_color; background: some_background_color}
A.set1:active {color: some_color; background: some_background_color}
A.set2:link {color: some_color; background: some_background_color}
A.set2:visited {color: some_color; background: some_background_color}
A.set2:active {color: some_color; background: some_background_color}
-->
</style>
You can name set1 and set2 any way you like as long as the names are made up of
letters a-z, A-Z, digits 0-9, period, hyphen, escaped characters, Unicode
characters 161-255, as well as any Unicode character as a numeric code.
Note: to avoid conflict with user's settings a background property (background
color) should also be specified together with the color property (foreground color).
How can I place
multiple blocks next to each other?
In theory, the following will produce 4 "columns":
<DIV style="float: left; width: 25%;">Block 1</DIV>
<DIV style="float: left; width: 25%;">Block 2</DIV>
<DIV style="float: left; width: 25%;">Block 3</DIV>
<DIV style="float: left; width: 25%;">Block 4</DIV>
Each "column" will occupy 25% of the screen. This relies on a correct
implementation of float, which cannot be said of many legacy browsers. If you
cannot accept display variances in older browsers, then it may be best to fall
back to table-based solutions.
2. By making the block an inline element and then use text-align property
<DIV STYLE="text-align: center">
<TABLE STYLE="display: inline">
...
</TABLE>
</DIV>
This technique depends on the incorrect implementation of text-align behavior
in older browsers. It will likely cease to work in future CSS-conformant
browsers, and eventually it will probably not be a viable solution.
Document Style
Semantics and Specification Language (DSSSL)?
Document Style Semantics and Specification Language is an international
standard, an expression language, a styling language for associating processing
(formatting and transformation) with SGML documents, for example XML.
What is Extensible
Stylesheet Language (XSL)?
XSL is a proposed styling language for formatting XML (eXtensible Markup
Language) documents. The proposal was submitted to the W3C by Microsoft, Inso,
and ArborText.
Which font names are
available on all platforms ?
The simple answer is "None" which is why CSS offers five generic font
names as 'serif', 'sans-serif', 'cursive', 'fantasy' and 'monospace'. Never put
any of these generic font names in quotes.
A CSS aware browser should make a suitable choice from the available fonts in
response to each of those generic names.
Specifying any other font name in a www environment comes out as a suggestion
only, that may or may not be acknowledged by a browser.
The problem with using names of specific fonts is that there is little point in
naming fonts that few users will have, so you're down to listing a few
mass-market font names. This will then override any superior selection that a
minority of discerning readers may have made for themselves.
Note also that fonts may differ in their character repertoire, but this is
often not evident from the font name itself: by selecting an inappropriate font
name, you might prevent internationalized content from displaying correctly for
a proportion of users.
Why does Netscape lose
my styles ?
Netscape 4.x has poor support for CSS. Having said that, the following points
should be noted.
Invalid HTML will almost certainly cause Netscape to ignore your CSS
suggestions at some point. You will find that valid HTML is your best friend,
but for Netscape to work properly you must ensure that all elements in your
markup which permit closing tags are explicitly closed.
Check and correct your CSS suggestions for the very same reason, Netscape 4.x
is in fact doing "the right thing", as per CSS specs (as opposed to
MSIE) when it ignores style rules with errors.
Netscape 4.x has what's called an "inheritance problem" into its
TABLE element. It can be argued that NS is all within its right to behave as it
does in this case, but since the workaround is quite simple it's easy enough to
just use it and be done with it.
Let's say you want your TABLE content to "look the same" as your BODY
content? "Redundant" styling comes to your help as in e.g. BODY,
TABLE, TH, TD { /* insert your styles here */ }
On a generic level, Netscape 4.x likes to have style rules applied directly to
the elements where they are needed. You can never really trust the inheritance
principle to work correctly at any level in Netscape 4.x.
Why is it my ':hover'
declaration for links does not work ?
Assuming you have already checked that your style sheet declarations do conform
to correct CSS syntax, it could be that you have overlooked the importance of a
correct order of style declarations for links.
The CSS2 specification makes this following note on the importance of placing
the dynamic pseudo-classes ':hover' and ':active' in correct positions in a
list of style declarations.
Note that the 'a:hover' must be placed after the 'a:link' and 'a:visited'
rules, since otherwise the cascading rules will hide the 'color' property of
the 'a:hover' rule.
Similarly, because 'a:active' is placed after 'a:hover', the active color will
apply when the user both activates and hovers over the 'a' element.